Article Retraction Procedure

1.1. The editorial board is responsible for the reliability of published material and responds promptly to reports of possible errors or misconduct.

1.2. Decisions on corrections and retractions follow the COPE retraction guidelines.

1.3. The purpose of retraction is to correct the scholarly record and warn readers about unreliable conclusions, not to punish authors.

1.4. Published articles are never removed from the website. Corrected and retracted articles remain available and are clearly marked.

significant errors that invalidate the conclusions;
fabrication or falsification of data, plagiarism, duplicate publication;
undisclosed use of generative AI (generated text, fabricated references);
authorship violations, manipulation of peer review, undisclosed conflicts of interest;
infringement of third-party rights (personal data, copyright).

Erratum / Corrigendum — for honest errors that do not affect the conclusions;
Expression of Concern — a temporary notice while an investigation is ongoing;
Retraction — when serious misconduct or critical errors are confirmed.

A review may be initiated by the authors, the editors or third parties with substantiated evidence (see Complaints Review Procedure).
The authors are notified and have 14 days to respond.
The investigation is carried out by the editors with independent experts and, if necessary, the academic integrity commission of the author’s institution.
The final decision is made by the editorial board led by the Editor-in-Chief.
Authors may appeal once within 14 days if they present new evidence.

The retracted article remains on the website, marked “RETRACTED” on the article page and in the PDF; its title in the archive is changed to “Retracted: [article title]”.
A separate retraction notice is published with its own DOI, stating the reasons, the initiator and the date of the decision; the notice and the article are linked to each other.
Retraction information is sent to Crossref with the updated article metadata.
If a manuscript is withdrawn before publication, it is removed without a retraction notice.